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In mechanical equipment, the function of sealing is to prevent leakage, and the components that play the sealing role are called general seals. General seals are among the most widely used components in mechanical products. In production, processing, storage, transportation, and even sales in industries such as petroleum, petrochemical, and chemical, there are often hazardous factors like flammability, explosiveness, high temperature, high pressure, toxicity, and corrosiveness. The "leakage" of working medium and lubricating oil from machines and equipment during use brings significant harm to production, thus making the importance of using general seals quite evident.
General seals include mechanical seals, hydraulic and pneumatic seals, gasket seals, packing seals, rubber seals, labyrinth seals, spiral seals, magnetic fluid seals, high-pressure seals, and more.
General seals can be divided into two major categories: static seals between relatively stationary mating surfaces and dynamic seals between relatively moving mating surfaces. Static seals have sealing parts that are stationary, such as the seal between pipeline flanges, threaded connections, pressure vessels, and covers. Dynamic seals have sealing parts that are in relative motion and can be divided into rotary seals and reciprocating seals. They can also be divided into contact seals, non-contact seals, and shaftless seals.
Based on working pressure, static seals can be divided into medium and low-pressure static seals and high-pressure static seals. Medium and low-pressure static seals typically use softer materials with wider gaskets, whereas high-pressure static seals use harder materials with very narrow metal gaskets for contact width.
Based on the working principle, static seals can be divided into flange connection gasket seals, self-tightening seals, lapped surface seals, O-ring seals, rubber ring seals, packing seals, threaded connection gasket seals, threaded connection seals, socket connection seals, and sealant seals.
Based on whether the sealing surface is in sliding or rotary motion, dynamic seals can be divided into two basic types: reciprocating seals and rotary seals.
Based on whether the seal contacts the components with which it makes relative motion, they can be subdivided into contact-type, non-contact-type, and shaftless seals.
Composite seals combine several types of contact or non-contact seals to meet higher sealing requirements.
Generally, the sealing surfaces of contact seals are pressed tightly together or even embedded to reduce or eliminate gaps and achieve sealing. As a result, they have good sealing performance but are limited by friction and wear and are suitable for scenarios where the line speed of the sealing surface is relatively low.
Non-contact seals do not directly touch and have a fixed assembly gap, eliminating mechanical friction and wear, thus providing a longer service life for the seal but with relatively poorer sealing performance. They are suitable for higher-speed scenarios.
